Applications of the rotating photobioreactor

ABSTRACT

A method to recover and harvest nutrients from a liquid stream by incorporating them into microorganisms grown in a rotating photobioreactor. The method further includes optionally integrating the rotating photobioreactor with a composting or biogenic drying process.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of provisional Application No. 61/743,380 by the same applicant for the same invention, filed Sep. 4, 2012, and is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/373,860, filed on Dec. 1, 2011. Application Ser. No. 13/373,860 claims the benefit of provisional Application No. 61/460,219, filed Dec. 29, 2010. All of the above are incorporated herein expressly by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH

The U.S. Department of Agriculture funded proof of concept research under U.S. Department of Agriculture 2010 SBIR project number 2010-33610-20920.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention is a bioreactor that can support a large fixed microbial or autotrophic biofilm that consumes soluble organic or inorganic substrates while producing a nutrient rich biomass and gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, biofuels, and ammonia, that are harvested for a beneficial purpose. This invention can be applied to a variety of processes for recovering valuable gases, nutrients, and products produced from different substrates by autotrophic organisms in a single reactor without the use of chemicals and with minimal energy inputs. Applications include nutrient removal and harvesting from a variety of water bodies, volatile or semi-volatile gas stripping, concentration of stripped gases, and compost biogenic drying.

2. Background

Nutrients discharged from agricultural operations, waste management, and bioenergy processing facilities are significant environmental problems adversely affecting over 30% of our nations waters. The National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies recently published the “Grand Challenges for Engineering,” posted at http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/_cms/challenges.aspx. One of the 14 challenges was “Manage the Nitrogen Cycle”. The “nitrogen issue” is the result of twice as much nitrogen being introduced into the world through anthropogenic sources as introduced from natural sources. The ability to produce reactive nitrogen through the Haber-Bosch process has enabled man to feed the world. However, that engineering miracle has totally distorted the nitrogen cycle leading to significant environmental and public health problems. Seventy five percent of the additional anthropogenic reactive nitrogen input is converted to N₂ gas through denitrification, a process that converts a portion (2% to 6%) of the nitrogen to the powerful greenhouse gas N₂O, which has an atmospheric lifetime of over 100 years. Aside from being a powerful GHG at 310 times CO₂, N₂O is now the primary cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. The remaining 25% of the added reactive nitrogen is accumulated in the soils, groundwater, rivers, estuaries, and oceans modifying those terrestrial and aquatic environments. The adverse impacts of nitrogen include the production of fine particulate matter that is responsible for atmospheric haze and increased human mortality, increased nitrate levels in groundwater, acidification of surface water, harmful toxin producing algae blooms, hypoxia in coastal waters, forestry decline, and loss of terrestrial biodiversity.

Solutions to the “nitrogen problem” have primarily been through the use of engineered denitrification systems that increase the NOx, N₂O, and fine particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere. Some processes attempt to recover and reuse ammonia and thereby reduce the industrial production of ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process. Ion exchange, membrane separation, and stripping technologies have all been used. The recovery processes invariably sequester the ammonia as dilute acidic solutions of ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate. Those processes have been shown to be uneconomical technologies.

Soluble phosphorus and nitrogen are the primary concern. Technology is required to economically remove soluble nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients discharged from waste treatment, agricultural fields, or bioenergy facilities. Such facilities include manure management, food processing, wastewater treatment, and renewable energy production such as anaerobic digestion where a majority of the particulate organic nutrients are converted to soluble ammonia and phosphate.

A large variety of expensive technologies have been developed to remove both soluble nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater streams. Phosphate removal by chemical precipitation, biological assimilation, or crystallization (MAP, struvite) precipitation is expensive. Ammonia nitrogen removal by stripping, biological nitrification/denitrification, ammonia oxidation (Anammox) or precipitation as ammonium sulfate, nitrate, or phosphate is also expensive. Wetlands or constructed marshes are the least expensive but occupy large tracts of land where nutrient accumulation may not be sustainable.

Conversion of soluble nutrients to particulate matter, such as micro and macro algae is an attractive method for removing soluble nutrients. However, the limited productivity, ammonia toxicity, and cost of harvesting have prevented widespread adoption. Algae or cyanobacteria growth is limited by the turbidity that such growth imparts to the liquid. Light penetration is reduced in direct proportion to the algae biomass concentration. Pond surface area also limits CO₂ transfer to the growing algae thereby limiting productivity. Variable depth and energy consuming gas injection photobioreactors have been proposed to overcome such limitations.

Ammonia toxicity is also a significant problem requiring dilutions of up to 20 to 1 for anaerobic digestate. Ammonia concentrations exceeding 100 ppm are inhibitory to autotrophic growth. Nitrogen loss to the atmosphere is also a significant problem in high pH systems. The loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere led the National Academy of Science to conclude that the growth of algae for biofuel production was unsustainable. “The estimated requirement for nitrogen and phosphorus needed to produce algal biofuels necessary to meet 5% of US transportation fuel ranges from 6 million to 15 million metric tons of nitrogen and from 1 million to 2 million metric tons of phosphorus if the nutrients are not recycled or included and used in co-products. Those estimated requirements represent 44 to 107 percent of the total nitrogen use and 20 to 51 percent of total phosphorus use in the United States.”

Finally, harvesting a highly concentrated biomass containing the recovered nutrients is expensive. The algae biomass separation and concentration is the most expensive unit process, representing 20 to 30% of the total cost of algae production and recovery systems. The limited productivity results in slow nutrient recovery in larger than desired reactors. Additional equipment for biomass nutrient separation and concentration increases the cost considerably.

The autotrophic rotating photobioreactor (RPB) is similar to the heterotrophic rotating biological contactor (RBC), a waste treatment device used to support large heterotrophic bacterial populations for the enhanced removal of soluble organic waste constituents flowing through the RBC. In fact, a rotating bioreactor contactor can be converted into a rotating photobioreactor by adding to it a light source directed at the microorgisms, using autotrophic micoorganisms, and providing a carbon source, such as carbon dioxide or bicarbonate. A variety of configurations and devices exist for heterotrophic waste treatment. The following U.S. patents are representative of the development of the art: U.S. Pat. No. 1,811,181 (an original disclosure of an open RBC, issued in 1931); U.S. Pat. No. 1,947,777 (an enclosed heat exchanger, adsorption unit, issued in 1934); U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,366 (the typical open conventional RBC, issued in 1971); U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,783 (an aerated fixed film RBC, issued in 1972); U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,525 (a pre-aerated spray RBC issued in 1975); U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,268 (an open or closed RBC with an alternative rotor design, issued in 1978); U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,172 (an attached growth RBC with corrugated disks, operating at 40% submergence, issued in 1979); U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,620 (a RBC in combination with an adsorbent, issued in 1981); U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,408 (a partially submerged RBC incorporating suffusing a portion of disc with air, issued in 1982); U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,997 (an RBC with unique disc ribs, issued in 1982); U.S. Pat. No. 4,385,987 (a RBC with alternative structural design of the discs, issued in 1983); U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,537 issued in 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,658 issued in 1984); U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,678 issued in 1985); U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,962 issued in 1985); U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,398 issued in 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,817, issued in 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,376 issued in 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,263 issued in 1997); U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,097 issued in 1998); U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,636 (ceramic plates) issued in 1998); U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,593 (grooved ceramic packing) issued in 2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,222 issued in 2001); U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,669 issued in 2004); U.S. Pat. No. 7,156,986 issued in 2007); No. 8,460,548 issued in 2013); U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,282 (a RBC incorporating microscreens in conjunction with rotating biological contactors that are placed in a primary settling tank, the aeration tank and a final clarification tank, issued in 1986); U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,457 (an anaerobic RBC incorporating acid and methane phase segments, issued in 1986); U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,206 (a staged anaerobic digestion RBC, issued in 1986); U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,387 (an aerated, completely submerged air-driven RBC, issued in 1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,250 (a recirculating staged waste water treatment RBC, issued in 1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,570 (a RBC with a solids contact zone, issued in 1988); Nos. 4,729,828 and 4,737,278 (a modular rotating biological contactor apparatus, issued in 1988); U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,459 (a two-stage RBC with different diameter discs, issued in 1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,528 (a complex sewage treatment apparatus incorporating a RBC, issued in 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,578 (a partitioned RBC capable of addressing toxic inputs, issued in 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,591 (a hydraulically driven RBC, issued in 1998); U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,366 (a rotating biofilter scrubber for removing air pollutants, issued in 2002); U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,720 (a modular expandable RBC, issued in 2006); U.S. Pat. No. 8,191,868 (a Rotating Inverse Biological Contactor (RIBC), issued in 2012); and No. 8,398,828 (an RBC incorporating photocatalytic degradation with UV light, issued in 2013). Relevant U.S. patent applications include: No. 20050133444 (self-cleansing media, filed in 2005); a patent application for a double-sided, self-cleaning media, filed in 2007; No. 20080053880 (configurable RBC application, filed in 2008); No. 20080210610 (RBC that could be inoculated with various bacteria, filed in 2008.

The patent history displays a wide variety of configurations and arrangements for the aerobic or anaerobic treatment of wastewater through the retained growth of a bacterial biofilm on the RBC rotating surface in open or enclosed reactors. A large heterotrophic, as opposed to autotrophic biomass population is achieved, but gases are not managed and stripping of end products has not been practiced.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/373,860 of Burke, entitled Ammonia Nitrogen Recovery Through a Biological Process, filed on Dec. 1, 2011, disclosed use of a biofilm in a rotating photobioreactor (RBC) to support bicarbonate consumption through the growth of autotrophic organisms, thereby increasing the pH and shifting ammonium to ammonia gas for subsequent stripping. That application claimed a process whereby the pH was increased and the ammonia gas stripped in the same reactor without the use of chemicals, as shown in FIG. 2. Ammonia gas was produced and stripped, thereby reducing end-product inhibition while maintaining concentrated biomass for maximum ammonium to ammonia conversion. The configuration specified in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/373,860 has many other applications, some of which are the subject of the present invention. Important benefits of the process include the support of a large retained biomass population as a fixed film, removal of inhibitory end products while they are produced, ease of harvesting the biomass, and low energy inputs.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The rotating photobioreactor (RPB) was developed to overcome the nutrient removal limitations associated with conventional autotrophic organism growth in ponds or reactors. The rotating photobioreactor (RPB) is an improved method of producing biomass for energy production, as well as removing and concentrating nutrients from waste streams and/or eutrophic waters. The bioreactor is capable of providing high surface to volume ratios (S/V) for maximum light exposure, photo-autotrophic growth, gas transfer, and oxygen production. The RPB can be open or enclosed. It can be mounted in a vessel such as a tank or placed in a water body. “Vessel” is broadly defined to include, without limitation, a container, receptacle, repository such as a tank, water body, lake, river or stream, liquid conveyance or transport channel. The RPB enables efficient harvesting of concentrated nutrient laden biomass. Those attributes make the RPB an attractive, simple, economical, and scalable method for removing soluble nutrients (NPK) from waste streams. The process is a low head gas production and management apparatus that produces oxygen, while consuming CO₂. The RPB is a sustainable nutrient waste treatment technology that incorporates a method to economically concentrate and separate the nutrient laden biomass for use as a fertilizer or renewable energy source.

The RPB was originally developed as a method to increase the pH of anaerobic digestate without the use of chemicals for the stripping and recovery of ammonia nitrogen (Burke, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/373,860, entitled Ammonia Nitrogen Recovery Through a Biological Process, filed Dec. 1, 2011). It was known that autotrophs consume bicarbonate and thereby increase the liquid pH when the amount of carbon dioxide present is low enough to be growth limiting. However, the use of algae or cyanobacteria presented a number of problems. Ammonia is toxic to autotrophs and significantly reduces their specific growth rate. Consequently, it was necessary to develop a large biomass for sufficient growth to occur and thereby consume the bicarbonate to provide an increased pH at low specific growth rates. The development of a large cyanobacterial mass required a large phototrophic surface to volume ratio (S/V). But developing a large surface to volume ratio was hindered by the color and turbidity of the digestate as well as turbidity produced through autotrophic growth. The color, turbidity, and autotrophic concentration reduced the photic zone in which autotroph growth occurs. All of those deficiencies can be overcome by using attached autotrophic growth apparatus, i.e., the RPB. Growth occurs on plates or rotating solid or semisolid surfaces constructed of a variety of materials upon which organisms attach and form a biofilm.

The process/apparatus, called an attached growth, rotating photobioreactor (RPB), uses natural or genetically-engineered organisms that attach to a rotating support media upon which autotrophic organisms grow. The media consists of a series of plates or plate-shaped media that maximize light exposure and gas exchange within an enclosed or open reactor. An example of the apparatus is as shown in FIG. 1. The attributes of the process are as follows:

-   A) Surface to Volume Ratio (S/V). The apparatus provides a very     large surface to volume ratio for light exposure as well as gas     transfer. The rotating photobioreactor is truly three dimensional     since the biomass growth surface is proportional to twice (i.e.,     both sides) the square of the plate diameter. Providing a rough or     contoured surface can increase that surface area. Turbid liquids can     be processed since the liquid depth over the biomass growth surface     is very low, permitting adequate light penetration. The diameter and     distance between the plates controls the S/V ratio. In a square     algae pond the total surface to volume ratio is equal to 1/d, where     d=depth, whereas in the same area the RPB S/V is equal to     approximately twice that of a pond (2/d) if d is approximately equal     to the disc spacing and no surface area enhancements are included.     That distance between the plates can be low if artificial light     sources (e.g., light-emitting diodes) are placed between the plates. -   B) Light Exposure—Light penetration is hindered in conventional     photobioreactors since the photic zone, that is a function of     turbidity, is commonly less than 4 inches. In the RPB exposure to     light is independent of liquid depth and turbidity. Light can be     supplied by natural or artificial means. Light exposure is     controlled by the surface area of the rotating growth plates, the     radiant flux of light provided, and the speed of rotation. The     rotation speed can be controlled to maximize light exposure,     organism shading, and gas transfer. The rotation speed and enclosed     reactor provide a means to control temperature and exposure to     predation, thereby minimizing any adverse environmental effects. The     artificial light source can be easily accessed for repair and     maintenance since it can be located in the wall of the     photobioreactor. Typically the lights are above or between the     plates and above the water surface for ease of maintenance. -   C) Water Losses—The loss of water vapor may also be minimized by     condensing water vapor from the gases exiting the enclosed rotating     photobioreactor. -   D) Solids Retention Time—Most importantly, the reactor maximizes the     solids retention time of the organisms that remove chemical     constituents from the liquid or generate gases. The reactor can     produce a non-turbid effluent since the growth occurs on the     rotating plates. No matter the application, the RPB will produce     energy-yielding biomass or gases from the supplied CO₂. The biomass     can be recovered at a rate to maximize yield. -   E) Biomass Harvesting. Harvesting algae or cyanobacteria is     typically an expensive unit process representing 20 to 30% of the     total cost of algae biomass production. Commonly used processes     include centrifugation, flotation, flocculation with a variety of     flocculants and sedimentation, membrane filtration, ultrasonic     separation, froth flotation, and electrolysis. A variety of     harvesting technologies have recently been developed. Relevant     recent U.S. patents include U.S. Pat. No. 8,470,161 (electrolysis is     used to separate lipids within the bioreactor); U.S. Pat. No.     8,399,239 (an attachment element such as iron oxide, steel, iron,     silica, etc. is introduced to attach to the algae and thereby     improve removal through settling or magnetic means); and U.S. Pat.     No. 8,281,515 (algae are grown in aggregated clumps or on synthetic     fabric that is removed and recovered from the growth medium).

In contrast, the RPB attached biomass can be easily harvested. The concentrated solids can be removed from the rotating plates through any of a variety of means such as periodic scraping or partial scraping with a blade to discharge the aggregated solids to the liquid media for removal through settling. Concentrated biomass is preferably removed from the rotating surface of the growth plates with a vacuum suction device that periodically removes a portion of the biomass from different sections of the rotating surface like a record player stylus. Concentrated biomass at 10% plus is accumulated in a vacuum receiver. That biomass can be delivered to an energy producing process to recover the energy value as an oil, sugar, or biomethane gas. The biomass may also be further dried to produce a fertilizer in a powder or pellet form.

-   F) Nutrient Harvesting. Autrotrophic organisms can harvest soluble     nutrients in direct proportion to their growth rate. The growth rate     is generally controlled by the limiting nutrient, light. The     nutrients can subsequently be economically harvested with the     biomass. -   G) Gas Processing. It is necessary to supply CO₂ for autotrophic     organism growth while removing the inhibiting 0₂. Other gaseous     products that can be produced by the process such as butanol or     selenium can also be efficiently removed and subsequently condensed     at low pressure as shown in FIG. 2. “Product” is broadly defined to     include without limitation a recovered commodity produced from a     substrate through a physical or biochemical process. The process     provides the ability to remove and recover gaseous products at     atmospheric pressure while providing essential gases such as carbon     dioxide for organism growth with minimal energy input. It is a     volatile gas transfer reactor.

“Volatile” is broadly defined to include, without limitation, an evaporative or vaporous substance such as water, alcohol, and gases such as ammonia (NH₃) that are evaporated at normal temperatures. Unlike conventional photobioreactors, the gas supply containing CO₂ is delivered at low atmospheric pressure. In other processes, such as butanol production, the toxic end product, butanol can be easily removed by blowing gas across the surface of the plates as shown in FIG. 2, as opposed to energy-consuming gas stripping through foam-producing bubble aeration.

-   H) Product Gas Concentration. The volatile product gases that are     stripped include water vapor, which dilutes the final, condensed     product unless steps are taken to overcome the dilution. The RPB can     incorporate a membrane concentration device that passes permeate     water vapor and latent heat back to the reactor thus producing a     higher concentration retentate product as shown in FIG. 3. In most     cases the higher concentration product has significantly greater     commercial value. For example higher concentration ammonia solutions     have value for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for the     production of energy. In another application the RPB concentration     process can be adapted to produce diesel exhaust fluid having a     concentration of 20% ammonia thereby reducing the discharge of NOx     to the environment. Diesel exhaust fluids are typically composed of     a 33% solution of urea in distilled water, thereby producing a 20%     reactive ammonia solution. -   I) Energy Inputs—The RPB energy inputs for liquid and CO₂ gas supply     are extremely low because it is a free-flowing, low gas pressure,     low liquid head process. Oxygen is removed at atmospheric pressure.     Unlike conventional photobioreactors, the gas supply containing CO₂     is continuously delivered at low atmospheric pressure. Gas transfer,     CO₂ in/O₂ out, as well as product gas removal are rapid and     unrestricted for the same reasons. Heat can be provided as needed to     maintain optimum operating conditions. -   J) pH control—The process can also control the pH of the liquid     through cyanobacterial consumption of bicarbonate. An optimal pH of     8.3 can be maintained or the pH may be increased to control     predation by other organisms or for stripping gases by simply     adjusting CO₂ inputs in the form of a gas or as bicarbonate. The     unhindered light exposure and ability to control the pH will provide     a degree of disinfection and predation control. -   K) Process Integration—The process produces large quantities of     oxygen that can be used for a variety of purposes. The effluent     liquid is fully saturated and can be supersaturated with oxygen. The     growth of autotrophic organisms will convert soluble nutrients to     solid biomass for removal. The oxygen generated can be used for a     variety of purposes such as wastewater treatment or stabilization     and biogenic drying of processed biomass solids. Ideally an RPB     would be placed between primary treatment units and the aerated     waste activated sludge treatment units at a wastewater treatment     plant to remove and reclaim nutrients and oxygenate the influent to     the secondary aeration tanks. The process can also be integrated     with solids composting. Anaerobic digestate solids are commonly     stabilized by composting the residual solids. The compost/drying     process can be integrated with the RPB process that produces oxygen     for composting while the composting process produces the CO₂ for the     RPB process as shown in FIG. 4. Such an arrangement reduces the     discharge of gases, including odorous compounds to the environment. -   L) Ammonia Stripping—Initially the process was developed to raise     the pH of anaerobic digestate, pass the high pH liquid through a     stripping tower, and then strip and recover the ammonia. However,     during the initial operation it was discovered that ammonia gas was     evolved as the liquid passed through the RPB and the pH increased     from an initial value of 8.3 to 10. The rapid emission of ammonia     gas, as the pH increased, created biomass toxicity since it was the     unionized ammonia that inhibited the cyanobacteria. A fan was placed     in the photobioreactor to remove gaseous ammonia. It became apparent     that the RPB could be used for both raising the pH and stripping the     ammonia in a common unit, as shown in FIG. 2, at significantly less     cost and power consumption than a conventional stripping tower. -   M) Managing End Product Toxicity—Removal of end products that     inhibit production of desired products is the goal of most     fermentation processes. Typically the processes to improve recovery     performance and reduce costs include adsorption, pervaporation,     liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, and reverse osmosis.     Reverse osmosis has the disadvantage of membrane clogging or     fouling. In contrast, liquid-liquid extraction has high capacity and     selectivity, although it can be expensive to perform. Gas stripping     by bubbling fine or coarse bubbles through the fermentation broth is     a simple but efficient way to recover volatile products from     fermentation. Gas stripping enables the use of a concentrated     solution in the fermentor and a reduction in end product inhibition.     However, gas stripping requires compressor and turbine energy.     Foaming has been a problem requiring toxic foam suppression     chemicals. Liquid-liquid extraction is another efficient technique     to remove solvents from the fermentation broth. Liquid-liquid     extraction has critical problems such as the toxicity of the     extractant to the microbial cell and emulsion formation.     Pervaporation is a membrane-based process that allows selective     removal of volatile compounds from the fermentation broth. Further     distillation is required. The rotating bioreactor facilitates a     stripping process that operates at low pressures by blowing gas     across the attached biofilm growth surface, as shown in FIGS. 2, 3-A     and 3-B. Foam is not produced with such an arrangement. The     disclosed process of stripping in attached growth bioreactors can be     applied to heterotrophic (FIG. 3-B) as well as autotrophic (FIG.     3-A) reactors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1-A presents a general plan of a covered or uncovered rotating photobioreactor; and

FIG. 1-B is an elevational view thereof.

FIG. 2 is an elevational view of volatile gas stripping and recovery utilizing the rotating photobioreactor as a combined bioreactor and stripping unit.

FIG. 3-A presents volatile gas stripping and concentration utilizing the rotating photobioreactor as a combined bioreactor, stripping, concentration and recovery unit.

FIG. 3-B presents volatile gas stripping and concentration utilizing the rotating biological contactor as a combined bioreactor, stripping, concentration and recovery unit.

FIG. 4 presents the rotating photobioreactor integrated with a composting/drying reactor process.

FIG. 5-A presents an example of the membrane water vapor separation system; and

FIG. 5-B presents a cross-sectional view thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The rotating photobioreactor (RPB) is a fixed film reactor upon which autotrophic organisms are grown as a biofilm. A basic schematic of the reactor is shown in FIGS. 1-A and 1-B. It consists of a series of solid or semi-solid rotating plates or discs (5) that support the growth of a biofilm. The photobioreactor can be open or closed, covered (10) or uncovered. It can be mounted in a vessel such as a reactor tank (9), stream channel or water body, waste conveyance channel, etc. The reactor can use natural or artificial light (6). Lighting can be above (6), between (11), or below the rotating discs. The discs are supported on a shaft (8) and driven by any other variety of drives (7) that can impart a rotating movement to the media.

The media upon which the autotrophic organisms are grown may consist of a variety of substances such as wood, cloth, porous ceramics, glass fiber, carbon fiber, etc. Modifying the topography or roughness of the surface can increase the plate area. The RPB may incorporate a variety of biomass harvesting devices (20) such as doctor blades that removed excess biomass growth and discharge the mass to the liquid stream for downstream removal. Vacuum suction devices may remove excess growth from any portion of the rotating discs and discharge the concentrated solids to a vacuum receiver.

Operation of the rotating photobioreactor requires an influent stream (1) containing essential nutrients, light (6), and a carbon source such as air with carbon dioxide (3), carbon dioxide, or bicarbonate. While recovering nutrients, the reactors produce an effluent gas (4) containing oxygen. The reactor may operate at thermophilic, mesophilic, or psychrophilic temperatures depending on the requirements for the growth of organisms retained on the rotating media.

Growth of the autotrophic organisms removes a portion of the soluble essential nutrients from the influent stream and carbon dioxide from the gas stream to produce particulate biomass that can be harvested (25), thereby removing the essential nutrients from the liquid stream and producing an effluent (2) deficient in nutrients. The rotating photobioreactor may also be used to harvest a variety of gaseous chemicals, such as ammonia, directly or indirectly produced by the autotrophic organisms. The RPB is a unique reactor in that the organisms are exposed to a liquid stream for a portion of the time and a gaseous stream for the remainder of the time. The fraction of the time exposed to either the liquid or the gaseous medium is controlled by the disk submergence or liquid level within the reactor. Products within the influent, or produced in the liquid medium, are carried to the gaseous portion of the reactor and thereby stripped with a circulating gas stream (3).

FIG. 2 presents an illustration of the stripping and recovery process. An influent stream (1) such as anaerobic digestate containing dissolved bicarbonate and dissolved ammonium enters an enclosed (10) rotating photobioreactor (9) having any of a variety of light sources (6) at a lower pH. As a liquid flows through the RPB the autotrophic organisms consume the bicarbonate causing the pH to increase from the influent value to values necessary to causes the ammonium to shift to ammonia gas that can be stripped by a gas flowing over the surface of the rotating plates. Supplemental bicarbonate (HCO₃) or carbon dioxide may be added to the influent streams to control growth.

The liquid influent may enter at any of a variety of ports along the lower portion of the reactor. The influent may also contain recirculated effluent to dilute the influent concentration and bicarbonate as required to maintain autotroph growth. The stripping gas (3), deficient in the product to be stripped, enters the upper portion, or gaseous portion, of the RPB at any of a variety of ports along the RPB necessary to achieve optimum gas flow over each plate surface. The stripping gas may exit (4) the RPB at any of a variety of outlet ports along the RPB necessary to achieve optimum product stripping and gas conveyance over each plate surface.

The stripping gas (4) containing the stripped product is conveyed to a condenser (15) cooled by a chiller (12) operating at a temperature less than the photobioreactor wherein the stripped water vapor and product (4) are condensed to form a condensate product (21) to be used for any beneficial purpose. The condenser produces an influent gas (3) deficient in the product that is then conveyed by a blower through a heater, if necessary, to the RPB to provide further stripping. Depending on the application the blower may provide sufficient heat. Excess stripping gas can be discharged and make up gas provided by a pressure and vacuum relief valve (P&VR) (17).

The process of stripping any gas from a liquid stream also removes water vapor that, when condensed, reduces the concentration of the product in the liquid stream since both liquid water and product are produced in the condenser. The concentration of the condensate is directly proportional to the product/water ratio of the stripped gas. As a result most stripping processes produce dilute solutions that have reduced value. In addition to producing a dilute solution the water vapor removes substantial quantities of heat from the reactor. This is a problem inherent in most stripping reactors. Minimizing the gas flow rate, stripping temperature, and condensing at higher temperatures will minimize dilution of the condensate product. Further concentration can be achieved through the use of a gas permeable membrane or membranes (16). The concentration process consists of utilizing a high water vapor permeable membrane such as a silicon gas permeable membrane SSP-M823, available from Specialty Silicone Products, Inc., Ballston Spa, N.Y., which has a high permeability rate for water vapor (3,500+) and lower permeability rates for ammonia (500), and stripping gases such as methane (80), nitrogen (25), and oxygen (50). The membrane is placed between the stripped gas stream and a plenum. A differential pressure is applied between the stripping gas stream consisting of the stripping gas, water vapor, and ammonia gas (retentate) and the lower pressure plenum gas stream (18)(permeate) composed of water vapor with lower concentrations of the stripping gas and ammonia. After passing through the membrane the stripping gas is depleted of water vapor while the plenum gas (18) is enriched. The plenum gas is then combined with the influent stripping gas from the condensate unit, thereby enriching the stripping gas with heat, water vapor, and minor concentrations of the product such as ammonia without significant loss of latent heat as shown in FIGS. 3-A and 3-B.

As shown in FIGS. 3-A and 3-B, one or more water vapor permeable membranes are installed on the stripping gas stream leaving the reactor, but prior to the chiller/condenser (15). The water permeable membranes are placed under a vacuum by the recirculating blower (11) and control valve (14), or another pressurization device, to cause the return flow of water vapor permeate with its latent heat to the photobioreactor.

The above-described product concentration process can be applied to a variety of stripping processes using a variety of substrates. “Substrate” is broadly defined to include, without limitation, a liquid stream or waste substance containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and other essential nutrients, including light required for autotrophic or heterotrophic organism growth, including organic compounds derived from the pretreatment or hydrolysis of cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass selected from the group consisting of waste materials corn cobs, crop residues, corn husks, corn stover, grasses, wheat straw, barley straw, hay, rice straw, switchgrass, waste paper, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum, soy, components obtained from milling of grains, trees, branches, roots, leaves, wood chips, sawdust, shrubs and bushes, vegetables, fruits, flowers, animal manure, human waste, sugar, algae, cyanobacteria and mixtures thereof. A highly concentrated aqua ammonia stream has significantly greater value if used in ammonia-soaking pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for renewable energy production (12+%) as well as in the production of diesel exhaust fluids (20+%). The membrane system presented here can produce both products.

The product recovery process (FIG. 2) and the product concentration process (FIG. 3-B) described above may also be applied to heterotrophic bioreactors such as the RBC to strip and recover “end products” such as butanol and other alcohols from fermentation processes without producing foam or utilizing excess energy. The RPB may also be integrated with composting or compost drying without producing odors inherent in those processes. Such a low pressure integration is shown in FIG. 4. The photobioreactor (9) is coupled with a solids compost or compost drying reactor (22). The photobioreactor receives a liquid or solid stream containing sufficient nutrients for autotrophic growth and produces a liquid stream deficient in nutrients. The photobioreactor also produces a biomass stream that can be harvested (25) for production of an organic fertilizer, input to the compost dryer, or converted to energy through any of a variety of thermochemical or biological processes such as anaerobic digestion. The photobioreactor also produces oxygen that can be stripped and transported through a suction or discharge blower (11) with or without a gas heat exchanger (27) to the enclosed biogenic compost dryer (22). Wet solids (20) are also input into the compost dryer with or without photobioreactor harvested biomass. The highly oxygenated organic biomass reacts in the reactor (22) producing carbon dioxide, heat, and water vapor. The reduced and biogenically dried organic compost is discharged from the reactor (22). The carbon dioxide enriched circulating gas stream containing heat and water vapor exits the compost reactor. The carbon dioxide gas stream may be cooled (26) and the condensate (24) recovered, a portion of which may be used in the photobioreactor. Cooling for condensate recovery (26) and heating (27) for the compost/dryer may be provided by a heat pump (23). The CO₂ produced in the compost/dryer (22) is then used in the photobioreactor to produce biomass and oxygen in the photobioreactor in a closed loop system. The process provides a means of compost drying without discharging odorous gases to the environment.

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I claim:
 1. A process for recovering volatile and non-volatile products from a substrate-laden influent stream using microorganisms growing in a rotating bioreactor contactor, said bioreactor including a vessel, a shaft mounted for rotation within said vessel about a shaft axis, a plurality of axially spaced-apart, growth plates attached to the shaft, each of the plates having surfaces to which a fixed film of the microorganisms are attached, means for rotating the shaft and plates about the axis, comprising the simultaneous steps of: (a) operating the rotating bioreactor as an aerobic, facultative or anaerobic reactor; (b) feeding the influent stream past the growth plates such that the growth plates are partially submerged within the stream, whereby, as they grow, the microorganisms convert the substrate to volatile products and accumulate biomass; and (c) passing a stripping gas past the growth plates to harvest the volatile products as stripped gas.
 2. A process for removing and harvesting nutrients from a nutrient-laden, liquid influent stream using autotrophic or phototrophic microorganisms growing in a rotating photobioreactor, said bioreactor including a vessel, a shaft mounted for rotation within said vessel about a shaft axis, a plurality of axially spaced-apart, growth plates attached to the shaft, each of the plates having surfaces to which a fixed film of the microorganisms is attached, means for rotating the shaft and plates about the axis, illumination means for shining light upon the microorganisms, and means for harvesting the microorganisms from the growth plates, comprising the simultaneous steps of: (a) shining light upon the microorganisms with the illumination means; (b) feeding the carbon source into the vessel; and (c) feeding the influent stream past the growth plates such that the growth plates are partially submerged within the stream, whereby, as they grow, the microorganisms remove nutrients from the influent stream, capture the nutrients in biomass, emit oxygen gas, and convert the influent stream to a nutrient-deficient effluent stream; and further comprising (d) using the harvesting means to remove a portion of the microorganisms from the surfaces of the growth plates.
 3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vessel is uncovered.
 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the vessel is an open water body.
 5. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vessel is covered.
 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the vessel is a reactor tank.
 7. The process of according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vessel is a covered or uncovered waste conveyance channel.
 8. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the liquid within the vessel is maintained at a depth such that, while rotating, the growth plates spend between 35% and 65% of the time within said liquid and the remainder of the time out of said liquid.
 9. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the surfaces of the growth plates include one or more of wood, cloth, porous ceramic, glass fiber or carbon fiber.
 10. The process of claim 2, wherein the harvesting means includes doctor blades disposed adjacent to the surfaces of the growth plates and engageable with said surfaces to shave portions of the microorganisms from those surfaces during rotation of the plates.
 11. The process of claim 2, wherein the harvesting means includes one or more suction devices to suction microorganisms out of the vessel.
 12. The process of claim 2, wherein the harvesting means is used continuously to remove portions of the microorganisms from the surfaces of the growth plates.
 13. The process of claim 2, wherein the harvesting means is used intermittently to remove portions of the microorganisms from the surfaces of the growth plates.
 14. The process of claim 2, wherein the carbon source includes one or more of air, carbon dioxide or bicarbonate.
 15. The process of claim 2, wherein the liquid influent comprises anaerobic digestate.
 16. The process of claim 15, further comprising passing a stripping gas past the growth plates to strip oxygen and/or to harvest any volatile products produced by the microorganisms as stripped gas.
 17. The process of claim 16, wherein said anaerobic digestate contains dissolved bicarbonate and dissolved ammonium, whereby the microorganisms consume the bicarbonate, causing the pH of the liquid within the vessel to increase and converting ammonium to ammonia gas, which ammonia gas, together with water vapor, is stripped by passage of said stripping gas flowing past the growth plates as stripped gas.
 18. The process of claim 17., further comprising adding supplemental bicarbonate or carbon dioxide to the influent stream.
 19. The process of claim 17, wherein some of the effluent is recirculated through the rotating photobioreactor by adding it to the liquid influent stream in order to dilute the influent stream nutrient concentration, including the bicarbonate therein.
 20. The process according to claim 1 or claim 17, further comprising inserting the stripped gas into a condenser cooled by a chiller and operating at a temperature less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, whereby the stripped gas and water vapor are condensed to form a condensate product and a gas that is deficient in said product.
 21. The process of claim 20, further comprising recirculating the gas that is deficient in said product past the growth plates for further stripping.
 22. The process of claim 20, wherein if the temperature of the gas that is deficient in said product is less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, further comprising heating said gas up to said temperature and recirculating said heated gas past the growth plates for further stripping.
 23. The process of claim 20, further comprising discharging excess stripping gas and/or providing make up stripping gas through a pressure and vacuum relief valve.
 24. The process according to claim 20, wherein the stripping gas includes one or more of air, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or oxygen, comprising further concentrating the product by the steps of: (a) conveying the stripped gas to an upstream side of a membrane disposed within a plenum, said membrane having a high permeability rate for water and a lower permeability rate for the stripping gas, and said stripping gas stream comprising stripping gas, water vapor, and a product volatile vapor; (b) applying a differential pressure between the upstream side of the membrane and an opposite downstream side of the membrane, whereby water vapor passes through the membrane to the downstream side of the membrane as water vapor permeate within plenum gas, and the gas on the upstream side of the membrane becomes depleted of water vapor as plenum retentate gas; and (c) combining the plenum gas formed in step (b) with the retentate gas that is deficient in condensate product to form a combined stripping gas.
 25. The process of claim 24, further comprising passing the combined plenum stripping gas past the growth plates.
 26. The process of claim 24, further comprising passing the combined plenum gas through a heater to raise the temperature thereof up to the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, and then passing the heated, combined plenum gas past the growth plates.
 27. The process of any of claim 24, wherein the differential pressure across the membrane is maintained by a recirculating blower and control valve to cause the return flow of water vapor permeate with its latent heat to the rotating photo bioreactor.
 28. The process of any of claim 24, wherein the effluent stream comprises a highly concentrated aqua ammonia concentrated to 2 to 12 percent (w/w) or more, suitable for use in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for renewable energy production.
 29. The process of any of claim 24, wherein the effluent stream comprises a highly concentrated aqua ammonia concentrated to 20 percent (w/w) of more, suitable for use as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).
 30. The process of claim 2, wherein the illumination means provides natural and/or artificial light to the microorganisms and includes means to control the intensity of the light.
 31. The process of claim 30, wherein the rotational speed of the growth plates and the intensity of the natural or artificial light are set such that the pH of the liquid in the vessel is maintained within the range of 6.5 to 11.0.
 32. The process of claim 1 or 2, further comprising converting the microorganisms removed from the rotating bioreactor to organic fertilizer or to energy.
 33. The process according to claim 16, further comprising (a) inserting the oxygen stripped from the rotating photobioreactor into a composter; (b) inserting wet solids into the composter; (c) composting the wet solids in a composter, thereby producing carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor in the composter; (d) discharging from the composter reduced and biogenically-dried organic compost; and (e) conducting a carbon dioxide-enriched gas stream containing heat and water vapor away from the composter.
 34. The process of claim 33, further comprising cooling the carbon dioxide-enriched gas stream in step (e) to form a condensate, and passing the cooled carbon dioxide past the growth plates in the vessel.
 35. The process of claim 34, further comprising heating the stripped oxygen in step (a) of claim 33 before inserting the stripped oxygen into the composter.
 36. The process of claim 1, wherein the microorganisms include heterotrophic microorganisms capable of converting the substrate into alcohols whereby the stripped gas includes butanol or other linear or branched chain alcohols.
 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the microorganisms include Clostridium acetobutylicum.
 38. The process according to claim 36, further comprising inserting the stripped gas into a condenser cooled by a chiller and operating at a temperature less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, whereby the stripped gas and water vapor are condensed to form a condensate product and a gas that is deficient in said product.
 39. The process of claim 38, further comprising recirculating the gas that is deficient in said product past the growth plates for further stripping.
 40. The process of claim 39, wherein if the temperature of the gas that is deficient in said product is less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, further comprising heating said gas up to said temperature and recirculating said heated gas past the growth plates for further stripping.
 41. The process of claim 39, further comprising discharging excess stripping gas and/or providing make up stripping gas through a pressure and vacuum relief valve.
 42. The process according to claim 39, wherein the stripping gas includes one or more of air, methane, nitrogen and/or oxygen, comprising further concentrating the product by the steps of: (a) conveying the stripped gas to an upstream side of a membrane disposed within a plenum, said membrane having a high permeability rate for water and a lower permeability rate for the stripping gas, and said stripping gas stream comprising stripping gas, water vapor, and ammonia gas; (b) applying a differential pressure between the upstream side of the membrane and an opposite downstream side of the membrane, whereby water vapor passes through the membrane to the downstream side of the membrane as water vapor permeate within plenum gas, and the gas on the upstream side of the membrane becomes depleted of water vapor as plenum retentate gas; and (c) combining the plenum gas formed in step (b) with the retentate gas that is deficient in condensate product to form a combined stripping gas.
 43. A process for concentrating the chemical constituents of a stripping gas stream, however said stripping gas stream may have been produced, comprising the steps of: (a) conveying the stripped gas to an upstream side of a membrane disposed within a plenum, said membrane having a high permeability rate for water and a lower permeability rate for the stripping gas, and said stripping gas stream comprising stripping gas, water vapor, and ammonia gas; (b) applying a differential pressure between the upstream side of the membrane and an opposite downstream side of the membrane, whereby water vapor passes through the membrane to the downstream side of the membrane as water vapor permeate within plenum gas, and the gas on the upstream side of the membrane becomes depleted of water vapor as plenum retentate gas; and (c) combining the plenum gas formed in step (b) with the retentate gas that is deficient in condensate product to form a combined stripping gas.
 44. The process of claim 43, further comprising passing the combined stripping gas past the growth plates of a rotating photobioreactor, said rotating photobioreactor including a vessel, a shaft mounted for rotation within said vessel about a shaft axis, a plurality of axially spaced-apart, growth plates attached to the shaft, each of the plates having surfaces to which a fixed film of the microorganisms are attached, means for rotating the shaft and plates about the axis at a user-selectable rotational speed, illumination means for shining light upon the microorganisms from the vessel, while simultaneously performing the steps of: (a) shining light upon the microorganisms with the illumination means; (b) feeding the carbon source into the vessel; and (c) feeding the influent stream past the growth plates such that the growth plates are partially submerged within the stream, whereby, as they grow, the microorganisms remove nutrients from the influent stream, capture the nutrients in biomass, emit oxygen gas, and convert the influent stream to a nutrient-deficient effluent stream; and further comprising (d) using the harvesting means to remove a portion of the microorganisms from the surfaces of the growth plates.
 45. The process of claim 44, further comprising passing the combined plenum gas through a heater to raise the temperature thereof up to the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, and then passing the heated, combined plenum gas past the growth plates.
 46. The according to claim 43, 44 or 45, wherein the differential pressure across the membrane is maintained by a recirculating blower and control valve to cause the return flow of water vapor permeate with its latent heat to the rotating photo bioreactor.
 47. The process according to claim 43, 44 or 45, wherein the effluent stream comprises a highly concentrated aqua ammonia concentrated to 12 percent (w/w) or more, suitable for use in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for renewable energy production.
 48. The process according to claim 43, 44 or 45, wherein the effluent stream comprises a highly concentrated aqua ammonia concentrated to 20 percent (w/w) of more, suitable for use as diesel exhaust fluid.
 49. The process of claim 16, wherein the microorganisms include designer photosynthetic organisms for photobiological production of butanol and related higher alcohols, whereby the stripped gas includes butanol or other linear or branched chain alcohols.
 50. The process of claim 49, wherein the designer photosynthetic organisms are derived from marine algae and/or cyanobacteria that are viable in either seawater or groundwater.
 51. The process according to claim 49, further comprising inserting the stripped gas into a condenser cooled by a chiller and operating at a temperature less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, whereby the stripped gas and water vapor are condensed to form a condensate product and a gas that is deficient in said product.
 52. The process of claim 51, further comprising recirculating the gas that is deficient in said product past the growth plates for further stripping.
 53. The process of claim 52, wherein if the temperature of the gas that is deficient in said product is less than the temperature of the liquid in the vessel, further comprising heating said gas up to said temperature and recirculating said heated gas past the growth plates for further stripping.
 54. The process of claim 52, further comprising discharging excess stripping gas and/or providing make up stripping gas through a pressure and vacuum relief valve.
 55. The process according to claim 52, wherein the stripping gas includes one or more of air, methane, nitrogen and/or oxygen, comprising further concentrating the product by the steps of: (a) conveying the stripped gas to an upstream side of a membrane disposed within a plenum, said membrane having a high permeability rate for water and a lower permeability rate for the stripping gas, and said stripping gas stream comprising stripping gas, water vapor, and ammonia gas, (b) applying a differential pressure between the upstream side of the membrane and an opposite downstream side of the membrane, whereby water vapor passes through the membrane to the downstream side of the membrane as water vapor permeate within plenum gas, and the gas on the upstream side of the membrane becomes depleted of water vapor as plenum retentate gas; and (c) combining the plenum gas formed in step (b) with the retentate gas that is deficient in condensate product to form a combined stripping gas. 